Application of computer-generated images to train pattern recognition used in semiquantitative immunohistochemistry scoring

This study aimed to clarify whether the pattern recognition involved in scoring proliferation fractions can be trained by abstract computerized images of virtual tissues. Twenty computer-generated images with randomly distributed blue or red dots were scored by 12 probands (all co-workers or collaborators of the Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn). Afterward, the probands underwent a training phase during which they received an immediate feedback on the actual rate of positivity after each image. Finally, the initial testing series was rescored. In a second round with 15 different probands, 20 Ki-67 immunohistochemistry images of tonsil tissue were scored, followed by the same training phase with computer-generated images, before the immunohistochemistry slides were scored again. Paired t-tests were used to compare the differences in mean rates pre- and post-training. Concerning computerized images, untrained probands scored the percentages of positive dots with a mean deviation from the true rates of 8.2%. Following training, the same testing series was scored significantly better with a mean deviation of 4.9% (mean improvement 3.3%, p < 0.001). Scoring real immunohistochemistry slides, the training with computerized images also improved correct estimations, albeit to a lesser degree (mean improvement 1%, p = 0.03). Abstract computerized images of virtual tissues may be a useful tool to train and improve the accuracy of pattern recognition involved in semiquantitative scoring of immunohistochemistry slides. As a side results, this study highlights the value of computer-generated images to verify the performance of image-analysis software.     

Bench to bedside: recent advances in lung cancer pathological research with implications for diagnostic clinical practice

After decades of relative stagnation lung cancer is emerging as a disease type where rapid progress is being made in diagnosis and therapy, as well as in our understanding of disease biology. Much of this progress is of immediate impact to diagnosticians, and more is likely to affect diagnostic practice in the near future. In this review we seek to briefly summarize several key areas of active research of immediate or probable imminent value to trainee and consultant pulmonary pathologists alike. We cover some major changes in tumour classification, grading, and patient stratification, as well as considering the state of the art in machine-assisted interpretation of lung cancer histology, and the use of genetically modified lung cancer models.     

The impact of neighborhoods and friendships on interracial anxiety among medical students and residents: A report from the medical student CHANGES study

Objective

To examine the experience of interracial anxiety among health professionals and how it may affect the quality of their interactions with patients from racially marginalized populations. We explored the influence of prior interracial exposure—specifically through childhood neighborhoods, college student bodies, and friend groups—on interracial anxiety among medical students and residents. We also examined whether levels of interracial anxiety change from medical school through residency.

Data Source

Web-based longitudinal survey data from the Medical Student Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation Study.

Study Design

We used a retrospective longitudinal design with four observations for each trainee. The study population consisted of non-Black US medical trainees surveyed in their 1st and 4th years of medical school and 2nd and 3rd years of residency. Mixed effects longitudinal models were used to assess predictors of interracial anxiety and assess changes in interracial anxiety scores over time.

Principal Findings

In total, 3155 non-Black medical trainees were followed for 7 years. Seventy-eight percent grew up in predominantly White neighborhoods. Living in predominantly White neighborhoods and having less racially diverse friends were associated with higher levels of interracial anxiety among medical trainees. Trainees' interracial anxiety scores did not substantially change over time; interracial anxiety was highest in the 1st year of medical school, lowest in the 4th year, and increased slightly during residency.

Conclusions

Neighborhood and friend group composition had independent effects on interracial anxiety, indicating that premedical racial socialization may affect medical trainees' preparedness to interact effectively with diverse patient populations. Additionally, the lack of substantial change in interracial anxiety throughout medical training suggests the importance of providing curricular tools and structure (e.g., instituting interracial cooperative learning activities) to foster the development of healthy interracial relationships.     

基于CNKI的中医药治疗癫痫的知识图谱分析＊

目的 运用科学知识图谱的手段，分析中医药治疗癫痫的研究进程并提炼重点。方法 设置检索时间为1990年至2020年，检索对象为中国知网（CNKI）该领域的相关文献，运用CiteSpace软件科学、准确地分析这些文献的作者信息、研究（发文）机构、关键词情况。结果 共计纳入文献793篇，马融-张喜莲、刘金民、谢炜、王洪图-张丽萍等领导核心作者团队，北京、广州以及广西中医药大学、天津中医药大学第一附属医院、南方医科大学等单位为主要进行相关研究的机构，高频关键词包括大鼠、难治性癫痫、小儿癫痫、海马、脑电图等，作用机制、网络药理学、肠道菌群、氧化应激、分子生物学等为近年来的热点与前沿。结论 通过借用知识图谱的分析能帮助提炼国内中医药治疗癫痫研究领域的重点，全面分析并科学判断近年来该领域的热点及前沿，为未来的研究夯实基础并把握方向。     

Application of 3D imaging and selfies in forensic dental identification

With increased access to smartphones, the selfie has gained immense popularity in the past decade. Selfie images could be a significant source of ante-mortem (AM) image data in cases where dental records are unavailable or considered insufficient. The application of 3D imaging and selfies has not been explored to its full potential in human dental identification. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using selfies as AM data and comparing with 3D post-mortem (PM) scans as an alternative to multiple 2D PM photographs in forensic dental identification. The study sample consisted of 18 selfies (12 matching and 6 non-matching) and 15 3D dental scans obtained from the study participants. The study sample was assessed by 6 experienced forensic odontologists (Raters) in two phases; Phase I-Visual comparison of 2D selfies to 3D scans and Phase II-2D selfies superimposed upon 3D scans. Each rater looked at 15 cases, and a total of 1620 comparisons were made by 6 raters (72 for the 12 matching cases and 1548 were for non-matching) and the opinions for each of the comparisons were analyzed. The results of the study show that use of the 3D superimposition method increased the certainty of the conclusions reached by the raters for the cases with correct matches. Furthermore, 94.2% of the 1548 non-matching comparisons were correctly excluded, compared with 77% for the 2D visual comparison method. The study demonstrated the applicability of this 3D method as a valuable tool in assisting the forensic odontologist with dental identification using selfies.     

Deepm5C: A deep-learning-based hybrid framework for identifying human RNA N5-methylcytosine sites using a stacking strategy

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癫痫发作后状态及其临床意义

癫痫发作后状态(PIS)是指癫痫发作停止到恢复至发病前水平的异常状态,包括认知、运动、感觉、自主神经和精神行为等异常,症状多样,严重程度不一,持续数秒至数天不等,对患者的健康和生活质量产生很大影响。然而,目前国内外相关的研究较少,临床医生对此缺乏正确认识,容易误诊误治。本文将从PIS的定义、病理生理机制、临床表现、诊断和鉴别诊断、临床意义以及干预策略等进行综述,以提高临床医生的认识,并为今后临床研究提供参考。     

基于网络药理学与分子对接技术的石菖蒲治疗癫痫作用机制研究＊

目的 利用网络药理学和分子对接技术研究石菖蒲抗癫痫的有效成分及作用机制。方法 运用中药系统药理数据库及分析平台检索石菖蒲有效成分及主要靶点，通过GeneCards数据库收集癫痫疾病的相关潜在作用靶点，运用Cytoscape.3.7.1和 String绘制石菖蒲-癫痫靶点互作关系图，运用Metascape数据库进行GO和KEGG信号通路富集分析。运用AutoDock Vina 1.1.2软件对石菖蒲主要有效成分与癫痫相关靶标进行分子对接验证；通过构建戊四唑诱导的癫痫模型初步评价石菖蒲提取物及潜在有效成分的抗癫痫作用。结果 由 TCMSP 筛选得到4个有效成分及76个主要靶点。癫痫疾病以“Score”大于1.5分进行筛选得到3685个靶标。GO富集分析得到BP条目10个，细胞CC条目9个，MF条目10个（P<0.01），主要涉及核受体活性、离子通道活性、激素结合、神经递质受体活性、蛋白激酶活性、钙调蛋白结合等。KEGG 富集得到14条通路，主要涉及c型凝集素受体信号通路、雌激素信号通路、Ca²⁺信号通路、逆行内源性大麻素信号通路等。分子对接结果显示，桉脂素、山奈酚和8-异戊烯基山奈酚与癫痫关键靶标GABRA2、PPARG等具有良好的结合活性。动物实验结果表明，石菖蒲水提取物及主要潜在有效成分桉脂素和山奈酚在PTZ致小鼠癫痫模型上显示出较好的抗癫痫活性。结论 本研究通过动物实验验证了石菖蒲提取物和潜在有效成分的抗癫痫活性，并且运用网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨了其抗癫痫作用机制，发现石菖蒲可通过多个成分如桉脂素、山奈酚、8-异戊烯基山奈酚，多靶点如GABA_A、PPARG等，多条通路如雌激素信号通路、钙信号通路对机体产生协调效应从而抑制癫痫的发作。该研究提示石菖蒲治疗癫痫具有多成分、多靶点、多通路特点，为石菖蒲的进一步研究提供数据支撑。